12+Ecosystem

Ecosystem Members: Daniel Uy, Gerard Tan (unknownbetaset), Carlo Tanbio (luigitanbio)

=Ecosystem=

A. Definition (i didnt read too long, you are saying the same things)
1. A community of organisms __interacting__ with one another and with the environment 2. Word "ecosystem" was coined by Arthur Tansley in 1935 (British botanist) 3. A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

B. Information
1. Has components that interact with one another in such a way that __balance is created and maintained__ 2. Concerned, not just with the physical environment, but also with the living things that interact with it

C. Examples of Ecosystems
1. a rotting tree stump (insects, bacteria, and other organisms interact with one another and are affected by sunlight, temperature, wind, water, and soil; moss may grow) 2. one of the major relationship is about food producers and consumers since consuming food or producing food is one of the major niches (role) an organism fills.

A. Four Elements
1. Nonliving Environment (Abiotic Factors or physical environment) a. sunlight, water, oxygen, minerals, and dead plant and animal matter 2. Living Environment (Biotic Factors) a. The Producers - green plants (microscopic phytoplankton to the giant redwoods) which photosynthesize b. The Consumers -animals: herbivores (plants), carnivores (other animals), omnivores (variety-eaters) c. The Decomposers -bacteria, fungi, insects (break down dead plants and animals and their waste products)

A. Aspects
1. Climate a. Elements -light -moisture (water) -temperature -wind 2. Soil a. Types -sand -loam -clay b. Effects on Plant growth -nutrients in the soil -acidity of the soil -moisture content of the soil 3. Surface relief or Topography a. Effects -altitude or elevation -angle of slope -orientation of the slope - on plant and animal life

A. Natural Ecosystems
-ecosystems that are natural to the environment -like coastal zones, forest, and grasslands

B. Man-made Ecosystems
-ecosystems built and maintained by people 1. Agricultural -croplands, plantations 2. Fishponds -extensive fishponds converted from coastal mangrove forests -extensive fish pens that practically cover entire lakes (Sampaloc lake and Laguna de Bay both in Laguna) 3. Urban -parks, greenbelt

-some are both natural and man-made such as: 1. Natural Park -large area not materially altered by human activity where extractive resources uses are not allowed and maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national and international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use -e.g. Mt. Apo Natural park, Northern Sierra Madre Natural park, and Mt. Kanlaon Natural park a. National park -forest reservation -Tubataha Reef National Marine Park, Mt. Malindang national Park, and Quezon National Park are some examples b. Wildlife sanctuary -an area that assures the natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment where these may require specific human manipulation for their perpetuation -Taft Forest Wildlife Sanctuary of Samar and Agusan marsh in Mindanao

A. Food Chain
-consists of a series of animals that eat plants and other animals -sequence of food transfer from trophic level to trophic level -begins with the producers (make their own food like plants) -second are primary consumers (mostly herbivores-eat the plants) -third are the secondary consumers (carnivores-eat the primary consumers) such as rodents, small birds -fourth are the other consumers that go on and on like tertiary, quaternary and so on -humans are on top of the food chain

B. Food Web
-a number of food chains that are interconnected -more complex -consumers may eat one another and the web is more complex than food chain -several types of primary consumers usually feed on the same plant species -one consumer can eat many species

C. Energy Pyramids
-when energy flows as organic matter through the trophic levels (food level or feeding level) of an ecosystems -energy transformations from one trophic level to the next -much of it is lost at each link in a food chain -only 10% of the energy is transferred at each trophic level -energy decrease is caused by: (activities, production and repair of body tissue, heat needed to maintain body temperature)

A. Food chain
1. Overpopulation a. People get more food, kill more animals, then the food chain gets broken = no balance in ecosystem

B. Carbon cycle
a. Due to overpopulation as well, people affect it, more population = more pollution = dead plants, more carbon dioxide

C. Nitrogen cycle
a. Due to imbalance of the ecosystem due to pollution and abuse, decomposers and consumers might lack and nitrogen cycle can be disturbed.

D. Water cycle
a. Due to pollution, gas exchange and weather can affect the water cycle of evaporation, condensation and precipitation b. Acid rain due to pollution and toxins

A. Denmark Whaling Shame
1. Hunters in Faroe island in Denmark conducted a mass killing of pilot whales. 2. This destroys the food chain in our ecosystem, the relationship of living things and non-living things. 3. If there are no whales, there will be overpopulation of fish.

B.Illegal logging of rainforests and other forests
1. destroys the habitat of the plants and animals living in the area 2. leads to the eventual flooding of places a. extreme flooding (eg. effect of Typhoon Ondoy)

[[image:-1.jpg]]
(//flooding in Metro Manila as Ondoy wrecked the different properties, establishments, and future of many Filipinos) //

A. Websites
1. http://www.abheritage.ca/abnature/Ecosystems/intro.htm 2. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Ecosystem 3. http://www.fi.edu/tfi/units/life/habitat/habitat.html 4. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5541442_different-kinds-ecosystems.html by Kandra Sperling in 5. http://capita.wustl.edu/ME567_Informatics/concepts/ecosys.html 6. http://library.thinkquest.org/11353/ecosystems.htm 7. http://www.eduplace.com 8. http://www.hoax-slayer.com/denmark-whaling.shtml 9. http://www.truthorfiction.com/rumors/w/whale-killing-denmark.htm 10. http://www.adb.org/water/topics/disasters/ondoy-ketsana-flood.asp 11. http://www.pbs.org/earthonedge/ecosystems/ 12. http://www.cbc.ca/gfx/images/news/photos/2009/09/26/w-philippine-flood-7388030.jpg 13. http://www.controllingpollution.com/ecosystem/forest-ecosystem/ 14. http://www.princetonecology.org/id35.html 15. http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm

B. Books
1. "Ecology and evolution." __Ecology__. DK Books. 2. "Ecosystems." __Essentials of Biology__. Janet L. Hopson and norman K. Wessells. 3. __Biology The Web of Life__. Strauss Lisowaski 4. "An Ecological View." __The New Book of Popular Science 2002__. 5. __Biological Science An Inquiry into life__. Fourth edition. 6. "Ecosystems." __Functional Biology__. 7. "Ecosystem." __The Facts on file Dictionary of Science__. 8. "Introduction to Ecology." __Second Year Biology__. 9. __Essential Biology__. Campbell, Reece, Simon. 10. "Roles and Relationships in an Ecosystem." __Exploring and Protecting Our World 6__. 11. "How Do Living Things Interact with One Another and with the Physical Environment." __Dynamic Science An Integration of Physical and Biological Sciences__. 12. "Pyramids of Energy." __Invitation to Biology__. A. Outline
 * Requirements:**

B. Plan: -Levels of organizations and then recall about ecosystems and form ecosystems -a small skit about what will be presented -the powerpoint -some activities -check-up quiz

C. CHECKUP QUIZ: -Using the food chain, arrange the following: grass, rabbit, snake, eagle (1.5 pts.) -Using the same given, arrange the following according to the number of energy being passed(energy pyramid) (2.5 pts.) -If the grass has 30kcal, how much energy will be passed on to the consumers that follow? (2 pts.) -What problems affect ecosystems? (2 pts.) -Can you give an example of a problem that affects the ecosystem? Explain how it affects it. (2 pts.)

D. Issue -the one stated above about the killing of whales in Denmark and Illegal logging of forests