5+Volcano+FINAL+WRITTEN+OUTPUT+OUTLINE

XAVIER SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL

SCIENCE ADVANCED CLASS WRITTEN OUTPUT (OUTLINE)

TOPIC: Definition, Types of Volcanoes, Birth/Death of a Volcano and Types of Explosions

I. DEFINITION of a Volcano

A. A volcano is a hole, deep opening or vent in the Earth’s surface through which molten rock, hot gases and solid material (rocks and ashes) escape from deep in the Earth. B. A volcano is a landform (usually a mountain) where (liquid rock) erupts through the surface of the planet. C. In simple terms, a volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock (magma) below the surface of the earth. D. It is a hole in the Earth from which molten rock and gas erupt. E. Volcanoes usually form along plate bounderies and hotspots. F. The name "volcano" has its origin from the name of Vulcan, a god of fire in Roman mythology. G. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, or sometimes, vulcanology.
 * 1) Sometimes, also known as “chimney’s of the Earth.”

II. PARTS of a Volcano

A. Magma Chamber B. Central Vent C. Side Vent (Secondary Vent) D. Crater E. Cone F. Sill G. Vent H. Fissure Eruption I. Parasitic Cone (Satellite Cone or Secondary Cone) J. Flank K. Conduit (Pipe) L. Summit (Apex) M. Throat N. Fumarole <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thick molten magma travels upwards from the mantle and collects in large pockets in the crust where it mixes with gases and water.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The main vent or chimney rises from the magma chamber. Magma flows up the vent to erupt on the surface as lava
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A central vent is an opening at the Earth's surface of a volcanic conduit of cylindrical or pipe-like form.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Under pressure, this side vent branches off from the central vent and carries lava upwards through cracks in the rocks to ooze out the side of the volcano.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The funnel-shaped opening at the top of the volcano enables lava, ash, gas and steam to erupt.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is the mouth of the volcano. It always surrounds a volcanic vent.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The cup-shaped cone is built by ash and lava from a number of eruptions.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Magma dosen’t always find a way out to the surface. Some gathers, cppls and vecomes solid between two underground layers of rock in the Athenosphere.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A flat piece of rock formed when magma hardens in a crack in a volcano.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An opening in Earth's surface through which volcanic materials escape.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Some magma forces its way upwards through vertical cracks in the rocks, and erupts to the surface.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A small cone-shaped volcano formed by an accumulation of volcanic debris.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One of the numerous sides of the volcano.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An underground passage magma travels through, or a passage followed by magma in a volcano.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Highest point in a Volcano.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is the entrance of a volcano. The part of the conduit that ejects lava and volcanic ash.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is the part where gases escape when an eruption happens.

III. TYPES of Volcanoes

A. Scoria Cone (Cinder Cones) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> B. Shield Volcano <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> C. Stratovolcanoes (Composite Cones) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This volcano has straight sides with steep slopes and a large summit crater.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Normally is made up of Basalt tephra, but occasionally andesitic.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scoria cones are the most common type of volcano.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They are also the smallest type, with heights generally less than 300 meters.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They can occur as discrete volcanoes on basaltic lava fields, or as parasitic cones generated by flank eruptions on shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scoria cones are composed almost wholly of ejected basaltic tephra.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The tephra is most commonly of lapilli size, although bomb-size fragments and lava spatter may also be present.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The tephra accumulates as scoria-fall deposits which build up around the vent to form the volcanic edifice.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The tephra fragments typically contain abundant gas bubbles (vesicles), giving the lapilli and bombs a cindery (or scoriaceous) appearance.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The edifice has very steep slopes, up to 35 degrees, although older eroded scoria cones typically have gentler slopes, from 15 to 20 degrees.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unlike the other two main volcano types, scoria cones have straight sides and very large summit craters, with respect to their relatively small edifices.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They are often symmetric, although many are asymmetric due to
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the build up of tephra on the downwind flank of the edifice
 * 14) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">elongation of the volcano above an eruptive fissure,
 * 15) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">partial rafting of an outer wall of the volcano due to basalt lava oozing outward from beneath the volcano edifice.
 * 16) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Where scoria cones have been breached, they typically reveal red-oxidized interiors.
 * 17) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scoria cones are generated by Strombolian eruptions, which produce eruptive columns of basalt tephra generally only a few hundred meters high.
 * 18) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many scoria cones are monogenetic in that they only erupt once, in contrast to shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes.
 * 19) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An exception is the Cerro Negro volcano in Nicaragua, which is the Earth's most historically active scoria cone.
 * 20) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is one of several parasitic cones on the northwest flank of Las Pilas volcano. Cerro Negro has erupted more than twenty times since it was born in 1850.
 * 21) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Its most recent eruptions were in 1992 and 1995.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Shield volcanoes are broad, low-profile features with basal diameters that vary from a few kilometers to over 100 kilometers (e.g., the Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii).
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Their heights are typically about 1/20th of their widths.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The lower slopes are often gentle (2-3 degrees), but the middle slopes become steeper (~10 degrees) and then flatten at the summit.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This gives shield volcanoes a flank morphology that is convex in an upward direction.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Their overall broad shapes result from the extrusion of very fluid (low viscosity) basalt lava that spreads outward from the summit area, in contrast to the vertical accumulation of airfall tephra around scoria-cone vents, and the build-up of viscous lava and tephra around stratovolcanoes.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cross-sections through shield volcanoes reveal numerous thin flow units of pahoehoe basalt, typically < 1 m thick.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pyroclastic deposits are minor, normally less than 1%, and of limited dispersal, generally from flank eruptions associated with parasitic scoria cones, or from rare, localized hydrovolcanic eruptions.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Shield volcanoes are generated by Hawaiian eruptions.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, there is some variability in their eruptive style, which translates into variations in shield morphology and size.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The almost perfect symmetry and small volume (~15 km3) of Icelandic shields, for example, stands in marked contrast to the elongation and huge volume (thousands of km3) of Hawaiian shields.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These variations are largely attributed to the monogenetic, small-volume, centralized summit eruptions, typical of icelandic shields, and the polygenetic, large-volume, linear fissure eruptions, typical of most hawaiian shields.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Still different are the symmetrical Galapagos shields, which have steep middle slopes (>10 degrees) and flat tops occupied by large and very deep calderas.
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These shield types appear to be generated by ring-fracture eruptions, which delineate the sides of the caldera and mark the site of caldera collapse.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stratovolcanoes, also known as composite cones, are the most picturesque and the most deadly of the volcano types.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Their lower slopes are gentle, but they rise steeply near the summit to produce an overall morphology that is concave in an upward direction.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The summit area typically contains a surprisingly small summit crater.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This classic stratovolcano shape is exemplified by many well-known stratovolcanoes, such as Mt. Fuji in Japan, Mt. Mayon in the Philippines, and Mt. Agua in Guatemala.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In detail, however, stratovolcano shapes are more variable, primarily because of wide variations in eruptive style and composition. Some may contain several eruptive centers, a caldera, or perhaps an amphitheater as the result of a lateral blast (e.g., Mt. St. Helens).
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stratovolcanoes have a layered or stratified appearance with alternating lava flows, airfall tephra, pyroclastic flows, volcanic mudflows (lahars), and/or debris flows.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The compositional spectrum of these rock types may vary from basalt to rhyolite in a single volcano; however, the overall average composition of stratovolcanoes is andesitic. Many oceanic stratovolcanoes tend to be more mafic than their continental counterparts.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The variability of stratovolcanoes is evident when examining the eruptive history of individual volcanoes.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mt. Fuji and Mt. Etna, for example, are dominanted by basaltic lava flows, whereas Mt. Rainier is dominated by andesitic lava, Mt. St. Helens by andesitic-to-dacitic pyroclastic material, and Mt. Lassen by dacitic lava domes.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stratovolcanoes typically form at convergent plate margins, where one plate descends beneath an adjacent plate at the site of a subduction zone.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Examples of subduction-related stratovolcanoes can be found in many places in the world, but they are particularly abundant along the rim of the Pacific Ocean, a region known as Ring of Fire.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the Americas, the Ring of Fire includes stratovolcanoes forming the Aleutian islands in Alaska, the crest of the Cascade Mountains in the Pacific Northwest, and the high peaks of the Andes Mounains in South America.

IV. BIRTH AND DEATH of a Volcano

A. BIRTH of a Volcano <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> B. DEATH of a Volcano <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Divergent Plate Boundaries
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">New oceanic crust is being formed by hot molten rock slowly cooling and solidifying.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The crust is very thin at mid-oceanic ridges due to the pull of the tectonic plates.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The release of pressure due to the thinning of the crust leads to adiabatic expansion, and the partial melting of the mantle causing volcanism and creating new oceanic crust.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore most volcanic activity is submarine, forming new seafloor.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Black smokers or deep sea vents are an example of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, Iceland.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Convergent Plate Boundaries
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In this case, the oceanic plate subducts, or submerges under the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench just offshore.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of the overlying mantle wedge, creating magma.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high silica content, so often does not reach the surface and cools at depth.
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed. Typical examples for this kind of volcano are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire.
 * 14) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hotspots
 * 15) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hotspots are not usually located on the ridges of tectonic plates, but above mantle plumes, where the convection of the Earth's mantle creates a column of hot material that rises until it reaches the crust, which tends to be thinner than in other areas of the Earth.
 * 16) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The temperature of the plume causes the crust to melt and form pipes, which can vent magma.
 * 17) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because the tectonic plates move whereas the mantle plume remains in the same place, each volcano becomes dormant after a while and a new volcano is then formed as the plate shifts over the hotspot.
 * 18) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Hawaiian Islands are thought to be formed in such a manner, as well as the Snake River Plain, with the Yellowstone Caldera being the part of the North American plate currently above the hot spot.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Figuratively, a volcano is dead if it is extinct.

V. WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN?

A. Craters and Caldera <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> B. Lava and Magma <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Craters
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Craters are the funnel-shaped hollows or cavities that form at the openings or vents of the volcanoes.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The simplest craters occur on the top of cones and usually have a diameter of 1 km or less.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Volcanoes can also form craters at the sides called side vents or secondary vents.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Caldera
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Calderas are very large craters formed by an exlplosion or massive volcanic eruption.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In here, the magma chamber empties because it spurts out all the magma it can from the magma chamber, so, the colcano cannot support its weight, so the volcano collapses.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Calderas are almost 5km in diameter.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When a volcano is extinct, a caldera can fill with water to form a lake.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Magma
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Magma is liquid rock inside a volcano.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lava
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lava is liquid rock (magma) that flows out of a volcano. Fresh lava ranges from 1,300° to 2,200° F (700° to 1,200° C) in temperature and glows red hot to white hot as it flows.

VI. Volcanic Materials Emmitted

A. Magma/Lava <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">B. Volcanic Gases <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">C. Lahar <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">E. Pyroclastics <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Types/ Colors of Lava
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Light-colored
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">little water
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">rich in silica and aluminum
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">very viscous
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">forms rhyolite rocks
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dark-colored
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">contains a lot of water
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">rich in iron and magnesium
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">very fluid
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">forms basalt rocks
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Types of Lava Flow
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Aa Lava
 * 14) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">viscous magmas with lava fountainingrough surface onwards.
 * 15) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Block lava
 * 16) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">stronger and thicker than aa lava flows
 * 17) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">moves very slowly
 * 18) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">has cubic masses with smooth surfaces when it cools down
 * 19) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pahoehoe
 * 20) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Flows smoothly
 * 21) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">solidifies to a smooth surface
 * 22) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ropy or billowy appearance
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These gases normally include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and many more.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is an Indonesian term for a volcanic mudflow.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These lethal mixtures of water and tephra have the consistency of wet concrete, yet they can flow down the slopes of volcanoes or down river valleys at rapid speeds, similar to fast-moving streams of water.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These mud slurries carry debris ranging in size from ash to lapilli, to boulders more than 10 meters in diameter.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lahars can vary from hot to cold, depending on their mode of genesis. The maximum temperature of a lahar is 100 degrees Centigrade, the boiling temperature of water.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is normally one of the things people fear the most, because it can burry people alive.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lahar production can be made faster if there is lots of water. An example would be a typhoon or there are ice and glacier surrounding the place.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These are hot debris in eruptions.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Volcanic Dust
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These are as tiny as a grains of flour.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Volcanic Ash
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These are rock particles about the size of a rice grain.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Volcanic Bomb
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is a rounded piece of hardened lava.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Volcanic Block
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is a piece of lava that has sharp corners.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cinder
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">his is a bubbly rock formed from cooling in the air.

VII. TYPES of Volcanic Eruption A. Hawaiian <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">B. Peleean <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">C. Strombolian <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">D. Vulcanian <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">E. Plinian <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Large amounts of runny lava erupt, and produce large, low volcanoes.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Blocks of thick sticky lava are followed by a burning cloud of ash and gas.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Small sticky lava bombs and blocks, ash, gas and glowiong cinvers erupt.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Violent explosions shoot out very thick lava and large lava bombs.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cinders, gas and ash erupt great distances into the air.

VIII. Alert Levels A. Alert Level 0 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">B. Alert Level 1 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">C. Alert Level 2 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> D. Alert Level 3 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> E. Alert Level 4 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> F. Alert Level 5 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">dormant volcanoes, normal seismic and fumarolic activities.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Volcano is restless
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Eruption may occur
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Volcano is erupting or may erupt anytime soon
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Significant Local eruption in progress
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hazardous eruption in progress
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Explosive and significant eruption is happening or may happen anytime

IX. Process of Eruption A. Causes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">B. Ash goes out <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">C. Lava goes out <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">D. Things in a Volcanic Erupion <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Earthquakes
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">earthquakes can make cracks on the crater making the magma flow out
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pressure Build up
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Water
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When water enters, it will turn into water vapor because of the temperature and would increase the pressure.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the volcanic ash and gases would be spewed out
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">lava along with gases would be spewed out
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pyroclastic Flows
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mixture of hot gas, ash and other volcanic stuff that move quickly down a slope
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cannot be outrun
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Anyone caught in it would most likely die
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nues Ardentes
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Incandescent cloud
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One of the most destructive kind of volcanic eruption
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Viscous magma erupts under reasonably low pressure causing a glowing cloud of ash and pumice to be thrown into the air. It falls to earth before it can cool down.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Volcanic Ashes
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Less than 2.5 cm in size
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They are like small shards of glass which damage anything in their way
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fatal mainly because of suffocation
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lahars
 * 14) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mudflows formed by mixing volcanic particles and water
 * 15) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Its force may crush carry away buildings
 * 16) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is best to evacuate because everything that is left over will be buried
 * 17) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Debris avalanches
 * 18) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Debris that is transported away due to the instability of the volcano’s slope
 * 19) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Occur on large and steep volcanoes
 * 20) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One of the most hazardous but least common of volcanic dangers
 * 21) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Landslides
 * 22) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gradual, downslope movement of a mass of bedrock
 * 23) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">mixing this with water may produce harmful lahars
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">X **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">. Types of Eruption

A. Hawaiian <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> B. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Strombolian <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> C. Vulcanian <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> D. Peleean <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> relatively quiet effusion of ballistic lava unaccompanied by explosions
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Continuous but mild discharges in which viscous lava is emitted in recurring explosions
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The ejection of incandescent material produces luminous clouds
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Magma gathers at the vent of the crater but is being blocked by a hardened plug of lava.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When the gases reach a critical pressure in the volcano, masses of solid and liquid rock will erupt into the air and a cloud of water vapor above the crater.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Most violent
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The volcano emits fine ash, hot, gas-charged lava and superheated steam in an incandescent cloud that travels downhill quickly
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">often accompanied by torrential rains because of the condensation of the steam

XI. Effects of Volcanic Eruption A. Mountains <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> B. Sea floor <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> C. Acid Rains <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> acid rain D. Add nutrients to the soil <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> E. Create new islands <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> F. Ozone destruction <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> G. Green House effect <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> H. Haze effect <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Can be formed when lava hardens
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Lava can make the sea floor when it hardens underwater
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> This happens because of the Gas emissions of the volcano which can contribute to
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Happens when there is weathering
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The fertile soil will help the plants and crops grow
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> When lava hits water bodies, it will cool down and solidify
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Not mainly the volcano’s HCI who is destroying the ozone. It is only harmful because of the human-made CFC <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">HCI mixes with the chlorine and bromine carrying chemicals of CFC which can cause the destruction of the ozone layer
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> It contributes to the green house effect by emitting carbon dioxide but it only contributes a little compared to humans who release 150 times more carbon dioxide.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> It was thought that the ash of the volcano was the main cause for the haze effect but itwas later proven wrong.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The release of sulfur-rich gases is the main cause of the haze effect because the sulfur rich gases would mix with water vapor in the stratosphere. Then it will form clouds with sulfuric acid droplets which absorb the sun’s radiation and scatters it back to space.

XII. Safety Precautions A. Before Eruption <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;"> B. During Eruption <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> C. After Erruption <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Get filter masks and goggles to protect the eyes, nose, and mouth.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Have canned goods,bottled water, and other emergency supplies with you just in case fallout occurs.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Close doors, windows, vents, and other gaps.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cover cars and other vehicles.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Follow all advisories and warnings about the eruption.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avoid permanent danger zones.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cover your nose with a wet cloth to aid in breathing, if ashfall occurs.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cover food to prevent contamination.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Evacuate to higher ground or to an evacuation site if lahar will flow to where you are.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When outside, wear googles, cover mouth and nose, and cover your skin to protect from irratation from ash contact.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Clear roofs of ash to avoid collapse.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avoid driving in ash. This can clog engines and stall vehicles.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avoid going outside if you have a respiratory ailment. Wait for authorities to say that you can go outside safely.

XII. Volcanoes In The Philippines

A. Active 1. Pinatubo <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Mayon <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. Taal <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> B. Potentially Active/Dormant 1.Apo <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located:
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Type: Compound
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Types of Eruptions: Plinian, Dome Formation, Phreatic
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2 historical eruptions (1991, 1992)
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One of its eruptions is the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century - 800 killed, 100,000 homeless, world decrease in temprature.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located: Albay plains
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Type: Stratovolcano
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Types of Eruptions: Strombolian, Vulcanian, Plinian
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">48 historical eruptions (1616-) 1814 is its most violent eruption.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">World famous for its perfect symmetrical shape
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is considered a National Park - no one is allowed to permanently reside in it.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located: Batangas
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Type: Cinder Cone
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Types of Eruptions: Phreatic, Phareatomagmatic, (rarely) Strombolian, and Plinian.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">33 eruptions within historical times (1572-1977). The most devastating were: 1716, 1749, 1754, 1911, 1965
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is A National Park
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located: Davao
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Type: Stratovolcano
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Status: Fumarolic (hole in volcanic area where hot smoke and gases escape)
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Evidence it is a volcano: Sabangan Volcano - a dome located at the crateral area with an elevation 2.5 m
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is a National Park

XIII. Issue- Recent Mayon Eruption

A. Timeline of Events <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> B. Mayon Eruption: Contribution to Pollution <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">August 10, 2008: Mayon was on watch for an eruption after a few small explosions.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">September 2, 2008: Mayon was given alert level 1
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">July 6, 2009: Due to the increase in seismic activity and glow at the summit of the volcano, concern for Mayon was increased, but alert level remained at 1.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">July 10: Alert level 2 was given.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">July 13, 2009: National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) recommended evacuation of 75,000 people around the volcano.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">September 15, 2009: A minor erruption occured, producing a 700 m ash and gas column.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">December 14, 2009: Mayon cotinues to belch ash, prompting 20,000-30,000 to evacuate on Monday.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">December 15, 2009: Alert level is raised to 3; This prompted at least 47,000 people to evacuate in the next 72 hours.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">December 16, 2009: Renato Solidum of PHIVOLCS warns that Mayon will turn to the true explosive phase or Plinian phase. Almost 30,000 people were already moved. Media has also started cover this issue.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">December 17, 2009: SO 2 output rose from 750 tonnes/day to 2,800 tonnes/day. The ash cloud surrounding the volcano reached around 10,000 feet.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">December 18, 2009: Alert Level 4 was given. Due to the increase in lava, ash, etc. The PHILVOCS predicted a major eruption next week.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">January 1, 2010: Alert Level is lowered to 3 due to SO2 levels lowering from a high 8,993 tonnes/day to 2,621 tonnes/day, and lack of ash ejections.
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Juanary 4, 2010: PHIVOLCS may lower the alert level to 2 due to the decrease in activity since December 29. The Albay provincial gov't plans to permanently move residents within Mayon's 6 km danger zone.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The volcanic gases that pose the greatest potential hazard to people, animals, agriculture, and property are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Among these, SO 2 emissions have been rather high. SO 2 is a colorless gas that irritates skin and the tissues and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and throat. This substance can also warm or cool the earth depending on the situation and it can interact with CFCs to deplete the ozone layer.

XIV. Famous Eruptions

A. Mt. Vesuvius, August 24, 79 AD <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> B. Mt. Pinatubo, June 9-Sept 14, 1991 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Location: Naples, Italy
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Type: Stratvolcano
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Affected Vicinity: Pumice fall 2.5-3 meters deep was deposited at Pompeii (8 km from Mt. Vesuvius) Pyroclastic flow up to 20 meters deep overflowed Herculanum and other towns on the eastern slope. Tephra was found 74 miles away and fine ash flew for hundred of miles.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Type of Eruption: Plinian
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Estimated Amount of Erupted Material: 4 cubic kilometers
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What Happened:
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Erupted material was ejected from the top and sides of the volcano, mostly in the form of "inflated" pumice (9 cubic kilometers).
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Towns were flattened by devastating pyroclastic flows and by the weight of volcanic debris, the countryside was devastated, and thousands were killed, some of them still undiscovered today.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Location: Boundaries of Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Type: Compound
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Type of Eruption: Plianian, calderagenic
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Estimated Amount of Erupted Material: 5 cubic kilometers
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What Happened:
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The ash cloud rose 22 miles into air. Ash in the lower altitudes was also blown in all directions due to the winds of a typhoon. Ash in the higher altitudes were blown southwestward.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A blanket of volcanic ash and larger pumice lapilli blanketed the countryside. Fine ash went to places as far as the Indian Ocean.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avalanches of searing hot ash, gas, and pumice fragments went down Mt. Pinatubo, filling the valleys as much as 660 ft thick.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The summit of the volcano collapsed to form a caldera 1.6 miles across.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Global tempratures decreased.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">About 800 were killed, around and 100,000 were left homeless.

Sources:


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Crowley, C. (1996). Volcano. In Travers, B. (ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of Science (Vol.6, pp. 3868-3874). Detroit, MI: Gale
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/mountains/volcanoes.htm
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/volcano/printout.shtml
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/glossary.html
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/pt/dictionary/ptdictionary.html
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.universetoday.com/guide-to-space/earth/parts-of-a-volcano/

Check-up quiz 1. What is one of the most dangerous volacnic hazard but the least common to happen? 2. What is the highest point of a volcano 3. if there is a volcano at the edge of an island and it suddenly erupts aa lava, is it safe to swim and hide in the ocean? Why or Why not? 4. When is a volcano considered dead? 5. What is the most dangerous type of volcanic eruption? 6. What term is used to say that lava has little water and a lot of silica? 7. Why could earthquakes cause an eruption? 8. List down one safety precaution before, during and after the eruption. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">